Current File : //proc/thread-self/root/opt/alt/python37/share/doc/alt-python37-future/README.rst
.. _overview:
Overview: Easy, clean, reliable Python 2/3 compatibility
========================================================
``python-future`` is the missing compatibility layer between Python 2 and
Python 3. It allows you to use a single, clean Python 3.x-compatible
codebase to support both Python 2 and Python 3 with minimal overhead.
It provides ``future`` and ``past`` packages with backports and forward
ports of features from Python 3 and 2. It also comes with ``futurize`` and
``pasteurize``, customized 2to3-based scripts that helps you to convert
either Py2 or Py3 code easily to support both Python 2 and 3 in a single
clean Py3-style codebase, module by module.
Notable projects that use ``python-future`` for Python 2/3 compatibility
are `Mezzanine <http://mezzanine.jupo.org/>`_ and `ObsPy
<http://obspy.org>`_.
.. _features:
Features
--------
.. image:: https://travis-ci.org/PythonCharmers/python-future.svg?branch=master
:target: https://travis-ci.org/PythonCharmers/python-future
- ``future.builtins`` package (also available as ``builtins`` on Py2) provides
backports and remappings for 20 builtins with different semantics on Py3
versus Py2
- support for directly importing 30 standard library modules under
their Python 3 names on Py2
- support for importing the other 14 refactored standard library modules
under their Py3 names relatively cleanly via
``future.standard_library`` and ``future.moves``
- ``past.builtins`` package provides forward-ports of 19 Python 2 types and
builtin functions. These can aid with per-module code migrations.
- ``past.translation`` package supports transparent translation of Python 2
modules to Python 3 upon import. [This feature is currently in alpha.]
- 1000+ unit tests, including many from the Py3.3 source tree.
- ``futurize`` and ``pasteurize`` scripts based on ``2to3`` and parts of
``3to2`` and ``python-modernize``, for automatic conversion from either Py2
or Py3 to a clean single-source codebase compatible with Python 2.6+ and
Python 3.3+.
- a curated set of utility functions and decorators in ``future.utils`` and
``past.utils`` selected from Py2/3 compatibility interfaces from projects
like ``six``, ``IPython``, ``Jinja2``, ``Django``, and ``Pandas``.
- support for the ``surrogateescape`` error handler when encoding and
decoding the backported ``str`` and ``bytes`` objects. [This feature is
currently in alpha.]
.. _code-examples:
Code examples
-------------
Replacements for Py2's built-in functions and types are designed to be imported
at the top of each Python module together with Python's built-in ``__future__``
statements. For example, this code behaves identically on Python 2.6/2.7 after
these imports as it does on Python 3.3+:
.. code-block:: python
from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
from builtins import (bytes, str, open, super, range,
zip, round, input, int, pow, object)
# Backported Py3 bytes object
b = bytes(b'ABCD')
assert list(b) == [65, 66, 67, 68]
assert repr(b) == "b'ABCD'"
# These raise TypeErrors:
# b + u'EFGH'
# bytes(b',').join([u'Fred', u'Bill'])
# Backported Py3 str object
s = str(u'ABCD')
assert s != bytes(b'ABCD')
assert isinstance(s.encode('utf-8'), bytes)
assert isinstance(b.decode('utf-8'), str)
assert repr(s) == "'ABCD'" # consistent repr with Py3 (no u prefix)
# These raise TypeErrors:
# bytes(b'B') in s
# s.find(bytes(b'A'))
# Extra arguments for the open() function
f = open('japanese.txt', encoding='utf-8', errors='replace')
# New zero-argument super() function:
class VerboseList(list):
def append(self, item):
print('Adding an item')
super().append(item)
# New iterable range object with slicing support
for i in range(10**15)[:10]:
pass
# Other iterators: map, zip, filter
my_iter = zip(range(3), ['a', 'b', 'c'])
assert my_iter != list(my_iter)
# The round() function behaves as it does in Python 3, using
# "Banker's Rounding" to the nearest even last digit:
assert round(0.1250, 2) == 0.12
# input() replaces Py2's raw_input() (with no eval()):
name = input('What is your name? ')
print('Hello ' + name)
# pow() supports fractional exponents of negative numbers like in Py3:
z = pow(-1, 0.5)
# Compatible output from isinstance() across Py2/3:
assert isinstance(2**64, int) # long integers
assert isinstance(u'blah', str)
assert isinstance('blah', str) # only if unicode_literals is in effect
# Py3-style iterators written as new-style classes (subclasses of
# future.types.newobject) are automatically backward compatible with Py2:
class Upper(object):
def __init__(self, iterable):
self._iter = iter(iterable)
def __next__(self): # note the Py3 interface
return next(self._iter).upper()
def __iter__(self):
return self
assert list(Upper('hello')) == list('HELLO')
There is also support for renamed standard library modules. The recommended
interface works like this:
.. code-block:: python
# Many Py3 module names are supported directly on both Py2.x and 3.x:
from http.client import HttpConnection
import html.parser
import queue
import xmlrpc.client
# Refactored modules with clashing names on Py2 and Py3 are supported
# as follows:
from future import standard_library
standard_library.install_aliases()
# Then, for example:
from itertools import filterfalse, zip_longest
from urllib.request import urlopen
from collections import ChainMap
from collections import UserDict, UserList, UserString
from subprocess import getoutput, getstatusoutput
from collections import Counter, OrderedDict # backported to Py2.6
Automatic conversion to Py2/3-compatible code
---------------------------------------------
``python-future`` comes with two scripts called ``futurize`` and
``pasteurize`` to aid in making Python 2 code or Python 3 code compatible with
both platforms (Py2/3). It is based on 2to3 and uses fixers from ``lib2to3``,
``lib3to2``, and ``python-modernize``, as well as custom fixers.
``futurize`` passes Python 2 code through all the appropriate fixers to turn it
into valid Python 3 code, and then adds ``__future__`` and ``future`` package
imports so that it also runs under Python 2.
For conversions from Python 3 code to Py2/3, use the ``pasteurize`` script
instead. This converts Py3-only constructs (e.g. new metaclass syntax) to
Py2/3 compatible constructs and adds ``__future__`` and ``future`` imports to
the top of each module.
In both cases, the result should be relatively clean Py3-style code that runs
mostly unchanged on both Python 2 and Python 3.
Futurize: 2 to both
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
For example, running ``futurize -w mymodule.py`` turns this Python 2 code:
.. code-block:: python
import Queue
from urllib2 import urlopen
def greet(name):
print 'Hello',
print name
print "What's your name?",
name = raw_input()
greet(name)
into this code which runs on both Py2 and Py3:
.. code-block:: python
from __future__ import print_function
from future import standard_library
standard_library.install_aliases()
from builtins import input
import queue
from urllib.request import urlopen
def greet(name):
print('Hello', end=' ')
print(name)
print("What's your name?", end=' ')
name = input()
greet(name)
See :ref:`forwards-conversion` and :ref:`backwards-conversion` for more details.
Automatic translation
---------------------
The ``past`` package can automatically translate some simple Python 2
modules to Python 3 upon import. The goal is to support the "long tail" of
real-world Python 2 modules (e.g. on PyPI) that have not been ported yet. For
example, here is how to use a Python 2-only package called ``plotrique`` on
Python 3. First install it:
.. code-block:: bash
$ pip3 install plotrique==0.2.5-7 --no-compile # to ignore SyntaxErrors
(or use ``pip`` if this points to your Py3 environment.)
Then pass a whitelist of module name prefixes to the ``autotranslate()`` function.
Example:
.. code-block:: bash
$ python3
>>> from past import autotranslate
>>> autotranslate(['plotrique'])
>>> import plotrique
This transparently translates and runs the ``plotrique`` module and any
submodules in the ``plotrique`` package that ``plotrique`` imports.
This is intended to help you migrate to Python 3 without the need for all
your code's dependencies to support Python 3 yet. It should be used as a
last resort; ideally Python 2-only dependencies should be ported
properly to a Python 2/3 compatible codebase using a tool like
``futurize`` and the changes should be pushed to the upstream project.
Note: the auto-translation feature is still in alpha; it needs more testing and
development, and will likely never be perfect.
For more info, see :ref:`translation`.
Licensing
---------
:Author: Ed Schofield, Jordan M. Adler, et al
:Copyright: 2013-2018 Python Charmers Pty Ltd, Australia.
:Sponsors: Python Charmers Pty Ltd, Australia, and Python Charmers Pte
Ltd, Singapore. http://pythoncharmers.com
Pinterest https://opensource.pinterest.com/
:Licence: MIT. See ``LICENSE.txt`` or `here <http://python-future.org/credits.html>`_.
:Other credits: See `here <http://python-future.org/credits.html>`_.
Next steps
----------
If you are new to Python-Future, check out the `Quickstart Guide
<http://python-future.org/quickstart.html>`_.
For an update on changes in the latest version, see the `What's New
<http://python-future.org/whatsnew.html>`_ page.
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