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# = Secure random number generator interface.
#
# This library is an interface for secure random number generator which is
# suitable for generating session key in HTTP cookies, etc.
#
# It supports following secure random number generators.
#
# * openssl
# * /dev/urandom
# * Win32
#
# == Example
#
# # random hexadecimal string.
# p SecureRandom.hex(10) #=> "52750b30ffbc7de3b362"
# p SecureRandom.hex(10) #=> "92b15d6c8dc4beb5f559"
# p SecureRandom.hex(11) #=> "6aca1b5c58e4863e6b81b8"
# p SecureRandom.hex(12) #=> "94b2fff3e7fd9b9c391a2306"
# p SecureRandom.hex(13) #=> "39b290146bea6ce975c37cfc23"
# ...
#
# # random base64 string.
# p SecureRandom.base64(10) #=> "EcmTPZwWRAozdA=="
# p SecureRandom.base64(10) #=> "9b0nsevdwNuM/w=="
# p SecureRandom.base64(10) #=> "KO1nIU+p9DKxGg=="
# p SecureRandom.base64(11) #=> "l7XEiFja+8EKEtY="
# p SecureRandom.base64(12) #=> "7kJSM/MzBJI+75j8"
# p SecureRandom.base64(13) #=> "vKLJ0tXBHqQOuIcSIg=="
# ...
#
# # random binary string.
# p SecureRandom.random_bytes(10) #=> "\016\t{\370g\310pbr\301"
# p SecureRandom.random_bytes(10) #=> "\323U\030TO\234\357\020\a\337"
# ...
begin
require 'openssl'
rescue LoadError
end
module SecureRandom
# SecureRandom.random_bytes generates a random binary string.
#
# The argument _n_ specifies the length of the result string.
#
# If _n_ is not specified, 16 is assumed.
# It may be larger in future.
#
# The result may contain any byte: "\x00" - "\xff".
#
# p SecureRandom.random_bytes #=> "\xD8\\\xE0\xF4\r\xB2\xFC*WM\xFF\x83\x18\xF45\xB6"
# p SecureRandom.random_bytes #=> "m\xDC\xFC/\a\x00Uf\xB2\xB2P\xBD\xFF6S\x97"
#
# If secure random number generator is not available,
# NotImplementedError is raised.
def self.random_bytes(n=nil)
n = n ? n.to_int : 16
if defined? OpenSSL::Random
@pid = 0 if !defined?(@pid)
pid = $$
if @pid != pid
now = Time.now
ary = [now.to_i, now.nsec, @pid, pid]
OpenSSL::Random.seed(ary.to_s)
@pid = pid
end
return OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes(n)
end
if !defined?(@has_urandom) || @has_urandom
flags = File::RDONLY
flags |= File::NONBLOCK if defined? File::NONBLOCK
flags |= File::NOCTTY if defined? File::NOCTTY
begin
File.open("/dev/urandom", flags) {|f|
unless f.stat.chardev?
raise Errno::ENOENT
end
@has_urandom = true
ret = f.readpartial(n)
if ret.length != n
raise NotImplementedError, "Unexpected partial read from random device: only #{ret.length} for #{n} bytes"
end
return ret
}
rescue Errno::ENOENT
@has_urandom = false
end
end
if !defined?(@has_win32)
begin
require 'Win32API'
crypt_acquire_context = Win32API.new("advapi32", "CryptAcquireContext", 'PPPII', 'L')
@crypt_gen_random = Win32API.new("advapi32", "CryptGenRandom", 'LIP', 'L')
hProvStr = " " * 4
prov_rsa_full = 1
crypt_verifycontext = 0xF0000000
if crypt_acquire_context.call(hProvStr, nil, nil, prov_rsa_full, crypt_verifycontext) == 0
raise SystemCallError, "CryptAcquireContext failed: #{lastWin32ErrorMessage}"
end
@hProv, = hProvStr.unpack('L')
@has_win32 = true
rescue LoadError
@has_win32 = false
end
end
if @has_win32
bytes = " ".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT") * n
if @crypt_gen_random.call(@hProv, bytes.size, bytes) == 0
raise SystemCallError, "CryptGenRandom failed: #{lastWin32ErrorMessage}"
end
return bytes
end
raise NotImplementedError, "No random device"
end
# SecureRandom.hex generates a random hex string.
#
# The argument _n_ specifies the length of the random length.
# The length of the result string is twice of _n_.
#
# If _n_ is not specified, 16 is assumed.
# It may be larger in future.
#
# The result may contain 0-9 and a-f.
#
# p SecureRandom.hex #=> "eb693ec8252cd630102fd0d0fb7c3485"
# p SecureRandom.hex #=> "91dc3bfb4de5b11d029d376634589b61"
#
# If secure random number generator is not available,
# NotImplementedError is raised.
def self.hex(n=nil)
random_bytes(n).unpack("H*")[0]
end
# SecureRandom.base64 generates a random base64 string.
#
# The argument _n_ specifies the length of the random length.
# The length of the result string is about 4/3 of _n_.
#
# If _n_ is not specified, 16 is assumed.
# It may be larger in future.
#
# The result may contain A-Z, a-z, 0-9, "+", "/" and "=".
#
# p SecureRandom.base64 #=> "/2BuBuLf3+WfSKyQbRcc/A=="
# p SecureRandom.base64 #=> "6BbW0pxO0YENxn38HMUbcQ=="
#
# If secure random number generator is not available,
# NotImplementedError is raised.
#
# See RFC 3548 for the definition of base64.
def self.base64(n=nil)
[random_bytes(n)].pack("m*").delete("\n")
end
# SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64 generates a random URL-safe base64 string.
#
# The argument _n_ specifies the length of the random length.
# The length of the result string is about 4/3 of _n_.
#
# If _n_ is not specified, 16 is assumed.
# It may be larger in future.
#
# The boolean argument _padding_ specifies the padding.
# If it is false or nil, padding is not generated.
# Otherwise padding is generated.
# By default, padding is not generated because "=" may be used as a URL delimiter.
#
# The result may contain A-Z, a-z, 0-9, "-" and "_".
# "=" is also used if _padding_ is true.
#
# p SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64 #=> "b4GOKm4pOYU_-BOXcrUGDg"
# p SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64 #=> "UZLdOkzop70Ddx-IJR0ABg"
#
# p SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64(nil, true) #=> "i0XQ-7gglIsHGV2_BNPrdQ=="
# p SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64(nil, true) #=> "-M8rLhr7JEpJlqFGUMmOxg=="
#
# If secure random number generator is not available,
# NotImplementedError is raised.
#
# See RFC 3548 for the definition of URL-safe base64.
def self.urlsafe_base64(n=nil, padding=false)
s = [random_bytes(n)].pack("m*")
s.delete!("\n")
s.tr!("+/", "-_")
s.delete!("=") if !padding
s
end
# SecureRandom.random_number generates a random number.
#
# If a positive integer is given as _n_,
# SecureRandom.random_number returns an integer:
# 0 <= SecureRandom.random_number(n) < n.
#
# p SecureRandom.random_number(100) #=> 15
# p SecureRandom.random_number(100) #=> 88
#
# If 0 is given or an argument is not given,
# SecureRandom.random_number returns a float:
# 0.0 <= SecureRandom.random_number() < 1.0.
#
# p SecureRandom.random_number #=> 0.596506046187744
# p SecureRandom.random_number #=> 0.350621695741409
#
def self.random_number(n=0)
if 0 < n
hex = n.to_s(16)
hex = '0' + hex if (hex.length & 1) == 1
bin = [hex].pack("H*")
mask = bin[0].ord
mask |= mask >> 1
mask |= mask >> 2
mask |= mask >> 4
begin
rnd = SecureRandom.random_bytes(bin.length)
rnd[0] = (rnd[0].ord & mask).chr
end until rnd < bin
rnd.unpack("H*")[0].hex
else
# assumption: Float::MANT_DIG <= 64
i64 = SecureRandom.random_bytes(8).unpack("Q")[0]
Math.ldexp(i64 >> (64-Float::MANT_DIG), -Float::MANT_DIG)
end
end
# SecureRandom.uuid generates a v4 random UUID (Universally Unique IDentifier).
#
# p SecureRandom.uuid #=> "2d931510-d99f-494a-8c67-87feb05e1594"
# p SecureRandom.uuid #=> "bad85eb9-0713-4da7-8d36-07a8e4b00eab"
# p SecureRandom.uuid #=> "62936e70-1815-439b-bf89-8492855a7e6b"
#
# The version 4 UUID is purely random (except the version).
# It doesn't contain meaningful information such as MAC address, time, etc.
#
# See RFC 4122 for details of UUID.
#
def self.uuid
ary = self.random_bytes(16).unpack("NnnnnN")
ary[2] = (ary[2] & 0x0fff) | 0x4000
ary[3] = (ary[3] & 0x3fff) | 0x8000
"%08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%04x%08x" % ary
end
# Following code is based on David Garamond's GUID library for Ruby.
def self.lastWin32ErrorMessage # :nodoc:
get_last_error = Win32API.new("kernel32", "GetLastError", '', 'L')
format_message = Win32API.new("kernel32", "FormatMessageA", 'LPLLPLPPPPPPPP', 'L')
format_message_ignore_inserts = 0x00000200
format_message_from_system = 0x00001000
code = get_last_error.call
msg = "\0" * 1024
len = format_message.call(format_message_ignore_inserts + format_message_from_system, 0, code, 0, msg, 1024, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil)
msg[0, len].tr("\r", '').chomp
end
end
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