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<html lang="en"><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><link href="./images/docs-stylesheet.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"><title>Apache Tomcat 8 (8.5.97) - SSL/TLS Configuration How-To</title><meta name="author" content="Christopher Cain"><meta name="author" content="Yoav Shapira"></head><body><div id="wrapper"><header><div id="header"><div><div><div class="logo noPrint"><a href="https://tomcat.apache.org/"><img alt="Tomcat Home" src="./images/tomcat.png"></a></div><div style="height: 1px;"></div><div class="asfLogo noPrint"><a href="https://www.apache.org/" target="_blank"><img src="./images/asf-logo.svg" alt="The Apache Software Foundation" style="width: 266px; height: 83px;"></a></div><h1>Apache Tomcat 8</h1><div class="versionInfo">
Version 8.5.97,
<time datetime="2023-12-07">Dec 7 2023</time></div><div style="height: 1px;"></div><div style="clear: left;"></div></div></div></div></header><div id="middle"><div><div id="mainLeft" class="noprint"><div><nav><div><h2>Links</h2><ul><li><a href="index.html">Docs Home</a></li><li><a href="https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/TOMCAT/FAQ">FAQ</a></li><li><a href="#comments_section">User Comments</a></li></ul></div><div><h2>User Guide</h2><ul><li><a href="introduction.html">1) Introduction</a></li><li><a href="setup.html">2) Setup</a></li><li><a href="appdev/index.html">3) First webapp</a></li><li><a href="deployer-howto.html">4) Deployer</a></li><li><a href="manager-howto.html">5) Manager</a></li><li><a href="host-manager-howto.html">6) Host Manager</a></li><li><a href="realm-howto.html">7) Realms and AAA</a></li><li><a href="security-manager-howto.html">8) Security Manager</a></li><li><a href="jndi-resources-howto.html">9) JNDI Resources</a></li><li><a href="jndi-datasource-examples-howto.html">10) JDBC DataSources</a></li><li><a href="class-loader-howto.html">11) Classloading</a></li><li><a href="jasper-howto.html">12) JSPs</a></li><li><a href="ssl-howto.html">13) SSL/TLS</a></li><li><a href="ssi-howto.html">14) SSI</a></li><li><a href="cgi-howto.html">15) CGI</a></li><li><a href="proxy-howto.html">16) Proxy Support</a></li><li><a href="mbeans-descriptors-howto.html">17) MBeans Descriptors</a></li><li><a href="default-servlet.html">18) Default Servlet</a></li><li><a href="cluster-howto.html">19) Clustering</a></li><li><a href="balancer-howto.html">20) Load Balancer</a></li><li><a href="connectors.html">21) Connectors</a></li><li><a href="monitoring.html">22) Monitoring and Management</a></li><li><a href="logging.html">23) Logging</a></li><li><a href="apr.html">24) APR/Native</a></li><li><a href="virtual-hosting-howto.html">25) Virtual Hosting</a></li><li><a href="aio.html">26) Advanced IO</a></li><li><a href="extras.html">27) Additional Components</a></li><li><a href="maven-jars.html">28) Mavenized</a></li><li><a href="security-howto.html">29) Security Considerations</a></li><li><a href="windows-service-howto.html">30) Windows Service</a></li><li><a href="windows-auth-howto.html">31) Windows Authentication</a></li><li><a href="jdbc-pool.html">32) Tomcat's JDBC Pool</a></li><li><a href="web-socket-howto.html">33) WebSocket</a></li><li><a href="rewrite.html">34) Rewrite</a></li></ul></div><div><h2>Reference</h2><ul><li><a href="RELEASE-NOTES.txt">Release Notes</a></li><li><a href="config/index.html">Configuration</a></li><li><a href="api/index.html">Tomcat Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="servletapi/index.html">Servlet 3.1 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="jspapi/index.html">JSP 2.3 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="elapi/index.html">EL 3.0 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="websocketapi/index.html">WebSocket 1.1 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="jaspicapi/index.html">JASPIC 1.1 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="annotationapi/index.html">Common Annotations 1.2 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="https://tomcat.apache.org/connectors-doc/">JK 1.2 Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div><h2>Apache Tomcat Development</h2><ul><li><a href="building.html">Building</a></li><li><a href="changelog.html">Changelog</a></li><li><a href="https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/TOMCAT/Tomcat+Versions">Status</a></li><li><a href="developers.html">Developers</a></li><li><a href="architecture/index.html">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="tribes/introduction.html">Tribes</a></li></ul></div></nav></div></div><div id="mainRight"><div id="content"><h2>SSL/TLS Configuration How-To</h2><h3 id="Table_of_Contents">Table of Contents</h3><div class="text">
<ul><li><a href="#Quick_Start">Quick Start</a></li><li><a href="#Introduction_to_SSL">Introduction to SSL/TLS</a></li><li><a href="#SSL_and_Tomcat">SSL/TLS and Tomcat</a></li><li><a href="#Certificates">Certificates</a></li><li><a href="#General_Tips_on_Running_SSL">General Tips on Running SSL</a></li><li><a href="#Configuration">Configuration</a><ol><li><a href="#Prepare_the_Certificate_Keystore">Prepare the Certificate Keystore</a></li><li><a href="#Edit_the_Tomcat_Configuration_File">Edit the Tomcat Configuration File</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="#Installing_a_Certificate_from_a_Certificate_Authority">Installing a Certificate from a Certificate Authority</a><ol><li><a href="#Create_a_local_Certificate_Signing_Request_(CSR)">Create a local Certificate Signing Request (CSR)</a></li><li><a href="#Importing_the_Certificate">Importing the Certificate</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="#Using_OCSP_Certificates">Using OCSP Certificates</a><ol><li><a href="#Generating_OCSP-Enabled_Certificates">Generating OCSP-Enabled Certificates</a></li><li><a href="#Configuring_OCSP_Connector">Configuring OCSP Connector</a></li><li><a href="#Starting_OCSP_Responder">Starting OCSP Responder</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="#Troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></li><li><a href="#Using_the_SSL_for_session_tracking_in_your_application">Using the SSL for session tracking in your application</a></li><li><a href="#Miscellaneous_Tips_and_Bits">Miscellaneous Tips and Bits</a></li></ul>
</div><h3 id="Quick_Start">Quick Start</h3><div class="text">
<p><em>The description below uses the variable name $CATALINA_BASE to refer the
base directory against which most relative paths are resolved. If you have
not configured Tomcat for multiple instances by setting a CATALINA_BASE
directory, then $CATALINA_BASE will be set to the value of $CATALINA_HOME,
the directory into which you have installed Tomcat.</em></p>
<p>To install and configure SSL/TLS support on Tomcat, you need to follow
these simple steps. For more information, read the rest of this How-To.</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Create a keystore file to store the server's private key and
self-signed certificate by executing the following command:</p>
<p>Windows:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>"%JAVA_HOME%\bin\keytool" -genkey -alias tomcat -keyalg RSA</code></pre></div>
<p>Unix:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>$JAVA_HOME/bin/keytool -genkey -alias tomcat -keyalg RSA</code></pre></div>
<p>and specify a password value of "changeit".</p></li>
<li><p>Uncomment the "SSL HTTP/1.1 Connector" entry in
<code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> and modify as described in
the <a href="#Configuration">Configuration section</a> below.</p></li>
</ol>
</div><h3 id="Introduction_to_SSL">Introduction to SSL/TLS</h3><div class="text">
<p>Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer
(SSL), are technologies which allow web browsers and web servers to communicate
over a secured connection. This means that the data being sent is encrypted by
one side, transmitted, then decrypted by the other side before processing.
This is a two-way process, meaning that both the server AND the browser encrypt
all traffic before sending out data.</p>
<p>Another important aspect of the SSL/TLS protocol is Authentication. This means
that during your initial attempt to communicate with a web server over a secure
connection, that server will present your web browser with a set of
credentials, in the form of a "Certificate", as proof the site is who and what
it claims to be. In certain cases, the server may also request a Certificate
from your web browser, asking for proof that <em>you</em> are who you claim
to be. This is known as "Client Authentication," although in practice this is
used more for business-to-business (B2B) transactions than with individual
users. Most SSL-enabled web servers do not request Client Authentication.</p>
</div><h3 id="SSL_and_Tomcat">SSL/TLS and Tomcat</h3><div class="text">
<p>It is important to note that configuring Tomcat to take advantage of
secure sockets is usually only necessary when running it as a stand-alone
web server. Details can be found in the
<a href="security-howto.html">Security Considerations Document</a>.
When running Tomcat primarily as a Servlet/JSP container behind
another web server, such as Apache or Microsoft IIS, it is usually necessary
to configure the primary web server to handle the SSL connections from users.
Typically, this server will negotiate all SSL-related functionality, then
pass on any requests destined for the Tomcat container only after decrypting
those requests. Likewise, Tomcat will return cleartext responses, that will
be encrypted before being returned to the user's browser. In this environment,
Tomcat knows that communications between the primary web server and the
client are taking place over a secure connection (because your application
needs to be able to ask about this), but it does not participate in the
encryption or decryption itself.</p>
<p>Tomcat is able to use any of the the cryptographic protocols that are
provided by the underlying environment. Java itself provides cryptographic
capabilities through <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/9/security/java-cryptography-architecture-jca-reference-guide.htm">JCE/JCA</a>
and encrypted communications capabilities through <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/9/security/java-secure-socket-extension-jsse-reference-guide.htm">JSSE</a>.
Any compliant cryptographic "provider" can provide cryptographic algorithms
to Tomcat. The built-in provider (SunJCE) includes support for various
SSL/TLS versions like SSLv3, TLSv1, TLSv1.1, and so on. Check the documentation
for your version of Java for details on protocol and algorithm support.</p>
<p>If you use the optional <code>tcnative</code> library, you can use
the <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> cryptographic provider
through JCA/JCE/JSSE which may provide a different selection of cryptographic
algorithms and/or performance benefits relative to the SunJCE provider.
You can also use <code>tcnative</code> to enable the <a href="apr.html">APR</a>
connector which uses OpenSSL for its cryptographic operations. Check the
documentation for your version of OpenSSL for details on protocol and
algorithm support.</p>
</div><h3 id="Certificates">Certificates</h3><div class="text">
<p>In order to implement SSL, a web server must have an associated Certificate
for each external interface (IP address) that accepts secure connections.
The theory behind this design is that a server should provide some kind of
reasonable assurance that its owner is who you think it is, particularly
before receiving any sensitive information. While a broader explanation of
Certificates is beyond the scope of this document, think of a Certificate as a
"digital passport" for an Internet address. It states which organisation the
site is associated with, along with some basic contact information about the
site owner or administrator.</p>
<p>This certificate is cryptographically signed by its owner, and is
therefore extremely difficult for anyone else to forge. For the certificate to
work in the visitors browsers without warnings, it needs to be signed by a
trusted third party. These are called <em>Certificate Authorities</em> (CAs). To
obtain a signed certificate, you need to choose a CA and follow the instructions
your chosen CA provides to obtain your certificate. A range of CAs is available
including some that offer certificates at no cost.</p>
<p>Java provides a relatively simple command-line tool, called
<code>keytool</code>, which can easily create a "self-signed" Certificate.
Self-signed Certificates are simply user generated Certificates which have not
been signed by a well-known CA and are, therefore, not really guaranteed to be
authentic at all. While self-signed certificates can be useful for some testing
scenarios, they are not suitable for any form of production use.</p>
</div><h3 id="General_Tips_on_Running_SSL">General Tips on Running SSL</h3><div class="text">
<p>When securing a website with SSL it's important to make sure that all assets
that the site uses are served over SSL, so that an attacker can't bypass
the security by injecting malicious content in a JavaScript file or similar. To
further enhance the security of your website, you should evaluate to use the
HSTS header. It allows you to communicate to the browser that your site should
always be accessed over https.</p>
<p>Using name-based virtual hosts on a secured connection requires careful
configuration of the names specified in a single certificate or Tomcat 8.5
onwards where Server Name Indication (SNI) support is available. SNI allows
multiple certificates with different names to be associated with a single TLS
connector.</p>
</div><h3 id="Configuration">Configuration</h3><div class="text">
<div class="subsection"><h4 id="Prepare_the_Certificate_Keystore">Prepare the Certificate Keystore</h4><div class="text">
<p>Tomcat currently operates only on <code>JKS</code>, <code>PKCS11</code> or
<code>PKCS12</code> format keystores. The <code>JKS</code> format
is Java's standard "Java KeyStore" format, and is the format created by the
<code>keytool</code> command-line utility. This tool is included in the JDK.
The <code>PKCS12</code> format is an internet standard, and can be manipulated
via (among other things) OpenSSL and Microsoft's Key-Manager.
</p>
<p>Each entry in a keystore is identified by an alias string. Whilst many
keystore implementations treat aliases in a case insensitive manner, case
sensitive implementations are available. The <code>PKCS11</code> specification,
for example, requires that aliases are case sensitive. To avoid issues related
to the case sensitivity of aliases, it is not recommended to use aliases that
differ only in case.
</p>
<p>To import an existing certificate into a <code>JKS</code> keystore, please read the
documentation (in your JDK documentation package) about <code>keytool</code>.
Note that OpenSSL often adds readable comments before the key, but
<code>keytool</code> does not support that. So if your certificate has
comments before the key data, remove them before importing the certificate with
<code>keytool</code>.
</p>
<p>To import an existing certificate signed by your own CA into a <code>PKCS12</code>
keystore using OpenSSL you would execute a command like:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>openssl pkcs12 -export -in mycert.crt -inkey mykey.key
-out mycert.p12 -name tomcat -CAfile myCA.crt
-caname root -chain</code></pre></div>
<p>For more advanced cases, consult the
<a href="https://www.openssl.org/" rel="nofollow">OpenSSL documentation</a>.</p>
<p>To create a new <code>JKS</code> keystore from scratch, containing a single
self-signed Certificate, execute the following from a terminal command line:</p>
<p>Windows:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>"%JAVA_HOME%\bin\keytool" -genkey -alias tomcat -keyalg RSA</code></pre></div>
<p>Unix:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>$JAVA_HOME/bin/keytool -genkey -alias tomcat -keyalg RSA</code></pre></div>
<p>(The RSA algorithm should be preferred as a secure algorithm, and this
also ensures general compatibility with other servers and components.)</p>
<p>This command will create a new file, in the home directory of the user
under which you run it, named "<code>.keystore</code>". To specify a
different location or filename, add the <code>-keystore</code> parameter,
followed by the complete pathname to your keystore file,
to the <code>keytool</code> command shown above. You will also need to
reflect this new location in the <code>server.xml</code> configuration file,
as described later. For example:</p>
<p>Windows:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>"%JAVA_HOME%\bin\keytool" -genkey -alias tomcat -keyalg RSA
-keystore \path\to\my\keystore</code></pre></div>
<p>Unix:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>$JAVA_HOME/bin/keytool -genkey -alias tomcat -keyalg RSA
-keystore /path/to/my/keystore</code></pre></div>
<p>After executing this command, you will first be prompted for the keystore
password. The default password used by Tomcat is "<code>changeit</code>"
(all lower case), although you can specify a custom password if you like.
You will also need to specify the custom password in the
<code>server.xml</code> configuration file, as described later.</p>
<p>Next, you will be prompted for general information about this Certificate,
such as company, contact name, and so on. This information will be displayed
to users who attempt to access a secure page in your application, so make
sure that the information provided here matches what they will expect.</p>
<p>Finally, you will be prompted for the <em>key password</em>, which is the
password specifically for this Certificate (as opposed to any other
Certificates stored in the same keystore file). The <code>keytool</code> prompt
will tell you that pressing the ENTER key automatically uses the same password
for the key as the keystore. You are free to use the same password or to select
a custom one. If you select a different password to the keystore password, you
will also need to specify the custom password in the <code>server.xml</code>
configuration file.</p>
<p>If everything was successful, you now have a keystore file with a
Certificate that can be used by your server.</p>
</div></div>
<div class="subsection"><h4 id="Edit_the_Tomcat_Configuration_File">Edit the Tomcat Configuration File</h4><div class="text">
<p>
Tomcat can use three different implementations of SSL:
</p>
<ul>
<li>JSSE implementation provided as part of the Java runtime</li>
<li>JSSE implementation that uses OpenSSL</li>
<li>APR implementation, which uses the OpenSSL engine by default</li>
</ul>
<p>
The exact configuration details depend on which implementation is being used.
If you configured Connector by specifying generic
<code>protocol="HTTP/1.1"</code> then the implementation used by Tomcat is
chosen automatically. If the installation uses <a href="apr.html">APR</a>
- i.e. you have installed the Tomcat native library -
then it will use the JSSE OpenSSL implementation, otherwise it will use the Java
JSSE implementation.
</p>
<p>
Auto-selection of implementation can be avoided if needed. It is done by specifying a classname
in the <b>protocol</b> attribute of the <a href="config/http.html">Connector</a>.</p>
<p>To define a Java (JSSE) connector, regardless of whether the APR library is
loaded or not, use one of the following:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code><!-- Define an HTTP/1.1 Connector on port 8443, JSSE NIO implementation -->
<Connector protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol"
sslImplementationName="org.apache.tomcat.util.net.jsse.JSSEImplementation"
port="8443" .../>
<!-- Define an HTTP/1.1 Connector on port 8443, JSSE NIO2 implementation -->
<Connector protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Nio2Protocol"
sslImplementationName="org.apache.tomcat.util.net.jsse.JSSEImplementation"
port="8443" .../></code></pre></div>
<p>The OpenSSL JSSE implementation can also be configured explicitly if needed. If the APR library
is installed (as for using the APR connector), using the sslImplementationName attribute
allows enabling it. When using the OpenSSL JSSE implementation, the configuration can use
either the JSSE attributes or
the OpenSSL attributes (as used for the APR connector), but must not mix attributes from
both types in the same SSLHostConfig or Connector element.</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code><!-- Define an HTTP/1.1 Connector on port 8443, JSSE NIO implementation and OpenSSL -->
<Connector protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol" port="8443"
sslImplementationName="org.apache.tomcat.util.net.openssl.OpenSSLImplementation"
.../></code></pre></div>
<p>Alternatively, to specify an APR connector (the APR library must be available) use:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code><!-- Define an HTTP/1.1 Connector on port 8443, APR implementation -->
<Connector protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11AprProtocol"
port="8443" .../></code></pre></div>
<p>If you are using APR or JSSE OpenSSL, you have the option of configuring an alternative engine to OpenSSL.</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code><Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener"
SSLEngine="someengine" SSLRandomSeed="somedevice" /></code></pre></div>
<p>The default value is</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code><Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener"
SSLEngine="on" SSLRandomSeed="builtin" /></code></pre></div>
<p>Also the <code>useAprConnector</code> attribute may be used to have Tomcat default to
using the APR connector rather than the NIO connector:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code><Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener"
useAprConnector="true" SSLEngine="on" SSLRandomSeed="builtin" /></code></pre></div>
<p>
So to enable OpenSSL, make sure the SSLEngine attribute is set to something other than <code>off</code>.
The default value is <code>on</code> and if you specify another value,
it has to be a valid OpenSSL engine name.
</p>
<p>
SSLRandomSeed allows to specify a source of entropy. Productive system needs a reliable source of entropy
but entropy may need a lot of time to be collected therefore test systems could use no blocking entropy
sources like "/dev/urandom" that will allow quicker starts of Tomcat.
</p>
<p>The final step is to configure the Connector in the
<code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file, where
<code>$CATALINA_BASE</code> represents the base directory for the
Tomcat instance. An example <code><Connector></code> element
for an SSL connector is included in the default <code>server.xml</code>
file installed with Tomcat. To configure an SSL connector that uses JSSE, you
will need to remove the comments and edit it so it looks something like
this:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code><!-- Define an SSL Coyote HTTP/1.1 Connector on port 8443 -->
<Connector
protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol"
port="8443" maxThreads="200"
maxParameterCount="1000"
scheme="https" secure="true" SSLEnabled="true"
keystoreFile="${user.home}/.keystore" keystorePass="changeit"
clientAuth="false" sslProtocol="TLS"/></code></pre></div>
<p>
Note: If tomcat-native is installed, the configuration will use JSSE with
an OpenSSL implementation, which supports either this configuration or the APR
configuration example given below.</p>
<p>
The APR connector uses different attributes for many SSL settings,
particularly keys and certificates. An example of an APR configuration is:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code><!-- Define an SSL Coyote HTTP/1.1 Connector on port 8443 -->
<Connector
protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11AprProtocol"
port="8443" maxThreads="200"
maxParameterCount="1000"
scheme="https" secure="true" SSLEnabled="true"
SSLCertificateFile="/usr/local/ssl/server.crt"
SSLCertificateKeyFile="/usr/local/ssl/server.pem"
SSLVerifyClient="optional" SSLProtocol="TLSv1+TLSv1.1+TLSv1.2"/></code></pre></div>
<p>The configuration options and information on which attributes
are mandatory, are documented in the SSL Support section of the
<a href="config/http.html#SSL_Support">HTTP connector</a> configuration
reference. Make sure that you use the correct attributes for the connector you
are using. The NIO and NIO2 connectors use JSSE unless the JSSE OpenSSL implementation is
installed (in which case it supports either the JSSE or OpenSSL configuration styles),
whereas the APR/native connector uses APR.</p>
<p>The <code>port</code> attribute is the TCP/IP
port number on which Tomcat will listen for secure connections. You can
change this to any port number you wish (such as to the default port for
<code>https</code> communications, which is 443). However, special setup
(outside the scope of this document) is necessary to run Tomcat on port
numbers lower than 1024 on many operating systems.</p>
<p><em>If you change the port number here, you should also change the
value specified for the <code>redirectPort</code> attribute on the
non-SSL connector. This allows Tomcat to automatically redirect
users who attempt to access a page with a security constraint specifying
that SSL is required, as required by the Servlet Specification.</em></p>
<p>After completing these configuration changes, you must restart Tomcat as
you normally do, and you should be in business. You should be able to access
any web application supported by Tomcat via SSL. For example, try:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>https://localhost:8443/</code></pre></div>
<p>and you should see the usual Tomcat splash page (unless you have modified
the ROOT web application). If this does not work, the following section
contains some troubleshooting tips.</p>
</div></div>
</div><h3 id="Installing_a_Certificate_from_a_Certificate_Authority">Installing a Certificate from a Certificate Authority</h3><div class="text">
<p>To obtain and install a Certificate from a Certificate Authority (like verisign.com, thawte.com
or trustcenter.de), read the previous section and then follow these instructions:</p>
<div class="subsection"><h4 id="Create_a_local_Certificate_Signing_Request_(CSR)">Create a local Certificate Signing Request (CSR)</h4><div class="text">
<p>In order to obtain a Certificate from the Certificate Authority of your choice
you have to create a so called Certificate Signing Request (CSR). That CSR will be used
by the Certificate Authority to create a Certificate that will identify your website
as "secure". To create a CSR follow these steps:</p>
<ul>
<li>Create a local self-signed Certificate (as described in the previous section):
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>keytool -genkey -alias tomcat -keyalg RSA
-keystore <your_keystore_filename></code></pre></div>
Note: In some cases you will have to enter the domain of your website (i.e. <code>www.myside.org</code>)
in the field "first- and lastname" in order to create a working Certificate.
</li>
<li>The CSR is then created with:
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>keytool -certreq -keyalg RSA -alias tomcat -file certreq.csr
-keystore <your_keystore_filename></code></pre></div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Now you have a file called <code>certreq.csr</code> that you can submit to the Certificate Authority (look at the
documentation of the Certificate Authority website on how to do this). In return you get a Certificate.</p>
</div></div>
<div class="subsection"><h4 id="Importing_the_Certificate">Importing the Certificate</h4><div class="text">
<p>Now that you have your Certificate you can import it into you local keystore.
First of all you have to import a so called Chain Certificate or Root Certificate into your keystore.
After that you can proceed with importing your Certificate.</p>
<ul>
<li>Download a Chain Certificate from the Certificate Authority you obtained the Certificate from.<br>
For Verisign.com commercial certificates go to:
http://www.verisign.com/support/install/intermediate.html<br>
For Verisign.com trial certificates go to:
http://www.verisign.com/support/verisign-intermediate-ca/Trial_Secure_Server_Root/index.html<br>
For Trustcenter.de go to:
http://www.trustcenter.de/certservices/cacerts/en/en.htm#server<br>
For Thawte.com go to:
http://www.thawte.com/certs/trustmap.html<br>
</li>
<li>Import the Chain Certificate into your keystore
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>keytool -import -alias root -keystore <your_keystore_filename>
-trustcacerts -file <filename_of_the_chain_certificate></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>And finally import your new Certificate
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>keytool -import -alias tomcat -keystore <your_keystore_filename>
-file <your_certificate_filename></code></pre></div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Each Certificate Authority tends to differ slightly from the others. They may
require slightly different information and/or provide the certificate and
associated certificate chain in different formats. Additionally, the rules that
the Certificate Authorities use for issuing certificates change over time. As a
result you may find that the commands given above may need to be modified. If
you require assitance then help is available via the
<a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/lists.html#tomcat-users">Apache Tomcat users
mailing list</a>.</p>
</div></div>
</div><h3 id="Using_OCSP_Certificates">Using OCSP Certificates</h3><div class="text">
<p>To use Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) with Apache Tomcat, ensure
you have downloaded, installed, and configured the
<a href="https://tomcat.apache.org/download-native.cgi">
Tomcat Native Connector</a>.
Furthermore, if you use the Windows platform, ensure you download the
ocsp-enabled connector.</p>
<p>To use OCSP, you require the following:</p>
<ul>
<li>OCSP-enabled certificates</li>
<li>Tomcat with SSL APR connector</li>
<li>Configured OCSP responder</li>
</ul>
<div class="subsection"><h4 id="Generating_OCSP-Enabled_Certificates">Generating OCSP-Enabled Certificates</h4><div class="text">
<p>Apache Tomcat requires the OCSP-enabled certificate to have the OCSP
responder location encoded in the certificate. The basic OCSP-related
certificate authority settings in the <code>openssl.cnf</code> file could look
as follows:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>
#... omitted for brevity
[x509]
x509_extensions = v3_issued
[v3_issued]
subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer
# The address of your responder
authorityInfoAccess = OCSP;URI:http://127.0.0.1:8088
keyUsage = critical,digitalSignature,nonRepudiation,keyEncipherment,dataEncipherment,keyAgreement,keyCertSign,cRLSign,encipherOnly,decipherOnly
basicConstraints=critical,CA:FALSE
nsComment="Testing OCSP Certificate"
#... omitted for brevity
</code></pre></div>
<p>The settings above encode the OCSP responder address
<code>127.0.0.1:8088</code> into the certificate. Note that for the following
steps, you must have <code>openssl.cnf</code> and other configuration of
your CA ready. To generate an OCSP-enabled certificate:</p>
<ul>
<li>
Create a private key:
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>openssl genrsa -aes256 -out ocsp-cert.key 4096</code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
Create a signing request (CSR):
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>openssl req -config openssl.cnf -new -sha256 \
-key ocsp-cert.key -out ocsp-cert.csr</code></pre></div></li>
<li>
Sign the CSR:
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>openssl ca -openssl.cnf -extensions ocsp -days 375 -notext \
-md sha256 -in ocsp-cert.csr -out ocsp-cert.crt</code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
You may verify the certificate:
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>openssl x509 -noout -text -in ocsp-cert.crt</code></pre></div>
</li>
</ul>
</div></div>
<div class="subsection"><h4 id="Configuring_OCSP_Connector">Configuring OCSP Connector</h4><div class="text">
<p>To configure the OCSP connector, first verify that you are loading the Tomcat
APR library. Check the <a href="apr.html#Installation">
Apache Portable Runtime (APR) based Native library for Tomcat</a>
for more information about installation of APR. A basic OCSP-enabled connector
definition in the <code>server.xml</code> file looks as follows:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>
<Connector
port="8443"
protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11AprProtocol"
maxParameterCount="1000"
secure="true"
scheme="https"
SSLEnabled="true"
<SSLHostConfig
caCertificateFile="/path/to/ca.pem"
certificateVerification="require"
certificateVerificationDepth="10" >
<Certificate
certificateFile="/path/to/ocsp-cert.crt"
certificateKeyFile="/path/to/ocsp-cert.key" />
</SSLHostConfig>
</code></pre></div>
</div></div>
<div class="subsection"><h4 id="Starting_OCSP_Responder">Starting OCSP Responder</h4><div class="text">
<p>Apache Tomcat will query an OCSP responder server to get the certificate
status. When testing, an easy way to create an OCSP responder is by executing
the following:
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>openssl ocsp -port 127.0.0.1:8088 \
-text -sha256 -index index.txt \
-CA ca-chain.cert.pem -rkey ocsp-cert.key \
-rsigner ocsp-cert.crt</code></pre></div> </p>
<p>Do note that when using OCSP, the responder encoded in the connector
certificate must be running. For further information, see
<a href="https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.0/apps/ocsp.html">
OCSP documentation
</a>.
</p>
</div></div>
</div><h3 id="Troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</h3><div class="text">
<p>Additional information may be obtained about TLS handshake failures by
configuring the dedicated TLS handshake logger to log debug level messages by
adding the following to <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/logging.properties</code>:
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint.handshake.level=FINE</code></pre></div>
or
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>org.apache.tomcat.util.net.Nio2Endpoint.handshake.level=FINE</code></pre></div>
depending on the <strong>Connector</strong> being used.
</p>
<p>Here is a list of common problems that you may encounter when setting up
SSL communications, and what to do about them.</p>
<ul>
<li>When Tomcat starts up, I get an exception like
"java.io.FileNotFoundException: {some-directory}/{some-file} not found".
<p>A likely explanation is that Tomcat cannot find the keystore file
where it is looking. By default, Tomcat expects the keystore file to
be named <code>.keystore</code> in the user home directory under which
Tomcat is running (which may or may not be the same as yours :-). If
the keystore file is anywhere else, you will need to add a
<code>keystoreFile</code> attribute to the <code><Connector></code>
element in the <a href="#Edit_the_Tomcat_Configuration_File">Tomcat
configuration file</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>When Tomcat starts up, I get an exception like
"java.io.FileNotFoundException: Keystore was tampered with, or
password was incorrect".
<p>Assuming that someone has not <em>actually</em> tampered with
your keystore file, the most likely cause is that Tomcat is using
a different password than the one you used when you created the
keystore file. To fix this, you can either go back and
<a href="#Prepare_the_Certificate_Keystore">recreate the keystore
file</a>, or you can add or update the <code>keystorePass</code>
attribute on the <code><Connector></code> element in the
<a href="#Edit_the_Tomcat_Configuration_File">Tomcat configuration
file</a>. <strong>REMINDER</strong> - Passwords are case sensitive!</p>
</li>
<li>When Tomcat starts up, I get an exception like
"java.net.SocketException: SSL handshake error javax.net.ssl.SSLException: No
available certificate or key corresponds to the SSL cipher suites which are
enabled."
<p>A likely explanation is that Tomcat cannot find the alias for the server
key within the specified keystore. Check that the correct
<code>keystoreFile</code> and <code>keyAlias</code> are specified in the
<code><Connector></code> element in the
<a href="#Edit_the_Tomcat_Configuration_File">Tomcat configuration file</a>.
<strong>REMINDER</strong> - <code>keyAlias</code> values may be case
sensitive!</p>
</li>
<li>My Java-based client aborts handshakes with exceptions such as
"java.lang.RuntimeException: Could not generate DH key pair" and
"java.security.InvalidAlgorithmParameterException: Prime size must be multiple
of 64, and can only range from 512 to 1024 (inclusive)"
<p>If you are using the APR/native connector or the JSSE OpenSSL implementation,
it will determine the strength of ephemeral DH keys from the key size of
your RSA certificate. For example a 2048 bit RSA key will result in
using a 2048 bit prime for the DH keys. Unfortunately Java 6 only supports
768 bit and Java 7 only supports 1024 bit. So if your certificate has a
stronger key, old Java clients might produce such handshake failures.
As a mitigation you can either try to force them to use another cipher by
configuring an appropriate <code>SSLCipherSuite</code> and activate
<code>SSLHonorCipherOrder</code>, or embed weak DH params in your
certificate file. The latter approach is not recommended because it weakens
the SSL security (logjam attack).</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>If you are still having problems, a good source of information is the
<strong>TOMCAT-USER</strong> mailing list. You can find pointers to archives
of previous messages on this list, as well as subscription and unsubscription
information, at
<a href="https://tomcat.apache.org/lists.html">https://tomcat.apache.org/lists.html</a>.</p>
</div><h3 id="Using_the_SSL_for_session_tracking_in_your_application">Using the SSL for session tracking in your application</h3><div class="text">
<p>This is a new feature in the Servlet 3.0 specification. Because it uses the
SSL session ID associated with the physical client-server connection there
are some limitations. They are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Tomcat must have a connector with the attribute
<strong>isSecure</strong> set to <code>true</code>.</li>
<li>If SSL connections are managed by a proxy or a hardware accelerator
they must populate the SSL request headers (see the
<a href="config/valve.html">SSLValve</a>) so that
the SSL session ID is visible to Tomcat.</li>
<li>If Tomcat terminates the SSL connection, it will not be possible to use
session replication as the SSL session IDs will be different on each
node.</li>
</ul>
<p>
To enable SSL session tracking you need to use a context listener to set the
tracking mode for the context to be just SSL (if any other tracking mode is
enabled, it will be used in preference). It might look something like:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>package org.apache.tomcat.example;
import java.util.EnumSet;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletContextEvent;
import javax.servlet.ServletContextListener;
import javax.servlet.SessionTrackingMode;
public class SessionTrackingModeListener implements ServletContextListener {
@Override
public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent event) {
// Do nothing
}
@Override
public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent event) {
ServletContext context = event.getServletContext();
EnumSet<SessionTrackingMode> modes =
EnumSet.of(SessionTrackingMode.SSL);
context.setSessionTrackingModes(modes);
}
}</code></pre></div>
<p>Note: SSL session tracking is implemented for the NIO and NIO2 connectors.
It is not yet implemented for the APR connector.</p>
</div><h3 id="Miscellaneous_Tips_and_Bits">Miscellaneous Tips and Bits</h3><div class="text">
<p>To access the SSL session ID from the request, use:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>String sslID = (String)request.getAttribute("javax.servlet.request.ssl_session_id");</code></pre></div>
<p>
For additional discussion on this area, please see
<a href="https://bz.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=22679">Bugzilla</a>.
</p>
<p>To terminate an SSL session, use:</p>
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>// Standard HTTP session invalidation
session.invalidate();
// Invalidate the SSL Session
org.apache.tomcat.util.net.SSLSessionManager mgr =
(org.apache.tomcat.util.net.SSLSessionManager)
request.getAttribute("javax.servlet.request.ssl_session_mgr");
mgr.invalidateSession();
// Close the connection since the SSL session will be active until the connection
// is closed
response.setHeader("Connection", "close");</code></pre></div>
<p>
Note that this code is Tomcat specific due to the use of the
SSLSessionManager class. This is currently only available for the NIO and
NIO2 connectors, not the APR/native connector.
</p>
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